Welcome to the class blog! The John Jay - Vera Fellows Program is a collaborative effort between John Jay College and the spin-off agencies of the Vera Institute of Justice, combining an internship and participation in a seminar taught by faculty from John Jay's Interdisciplinary Studies Program. (To see a video about the John Jay - Vera Fellows Program, click here.) Part of the seminar experience is weekly participation in the class blog, which keeps the conversation going from week to week and will be a place for you to share your thoughts and concerns about the materials discussed in seminar as well as the internship experience. The opinions expressed on this blog do not necessarily reflect the views of the Vera Institute of Justice or its spin-off organizations. While the blog is open to the public and anyone, theoretically, can comment, only class members and invited guests will be able to post. You can also look for us on our student and alumni page on Facebook.
Each student has been assigned one week to write the "post." Please post within 24 hours after class. Every week, each student must comment on the post (feel free to comment more than once). Please comment by Monday afternoon to allow time for further questions and responses and so that we can read all the entries before class.

Friday, October 3, 2014

Trigger Warning: Sexual Assault, Suicide, Prison

Man, do I consider myself inexorably --I may or may not spend the entirety of this post poking fun at Orwell's rules-- lucky to be able to write about language. I was just conferring with my mentor about the way that I speak about oppression and how it varies depending who I talk to. For example, if I am talking to a white male who is agreeing with me in my disgust of the horrendously autocratic society in which we live, I will refer to the oppressors as "they". Conversely, if I am talking to a white male who disagrees  (for instance one who brings a cardboard cut out of Ronald Reagan to the Flood Wall Street demonstration and proselytizes to the protesters) I will refer to the oppressors as "you". Meaning them. This is something I may have done intentionally at one point in the past but now it is so natural that I won't notice unless its brought to my attention. See also: replacing "survivor" with "victim" and "convict" with "criminalized person" or "prisoner" with "incarcerated person". Orwell's rules give me little space to define why I chose to say "empowered" and so I am leaving Professor Waterson with an entirely different thought than I had intended to provoke.
I find my language changing based on my experiences and the peers I surround myself with who are always revealing to me the implications of the words and phrases I use. I quickly adapted to never joking about shooting myself/cutting myself/ending everything because I became friends with a girl who had all too recently found her brother hanging from a ceiling fan. Never in any of the times that I had lamented my struggles and casually pointed a gun shaped hand sign to my head had I ever thought of the seriousness of what I had implied and how that might effect those around my struggling with suicidal thoughts or who knew someone that had taken their own life. For them, the motion had an entirely different meaning.
I never knew how terrible the word "victim" was until society gave me that label. I will never call myself a victim of domestic assault-- I am not a victim, I am a survivor and so is anyone else who has been raped, abused or otherwise suffered terrible conditions. We are not weak, and if you do not know what it is like to have these experiences you cannot possibly understand the way it feels to be called a victim, as if there was nothing you could have done and nothing you can do now, you are weak and powerless.
I think many of us know the stories of mass incarceration all too well based on our placements and the simple fact that we all attend John Jay College, so I will not go much further into that because I do have more to say about other things (there is always more).
Our language connects our soul to other people, when we exchange words we exchange our principles, our ideals, our attitudes, our culture etc. Ngugi struck me because I am the privileged white female who was raised to believe that the only language worth learning was English, and regularly heard my parents grumble that if these immigrants were going to move to America they "sure as Hell better learn our language" (emphasis added). And because I do see language as empowering (because you chose to learn it and you have the strength/ability to do so) and also largely disempowering (because it can be and often is a symbol of colonizers).

I have tried to present adequately many lines of thought which are only related because they are about language but I fear I have done so inadequately, however I am leaving the remains of my thoughts to be explored and commented on by my classmates.

Topics I wanted to cover:
-how words have specific meanings and implications
-language as cultural
-language as empowering/disempowering
-language as a way to grow closer to other humans in humanity (a vessel to share souls with one another)
-----I want to explore these themes further in conversation with you, please go team go

18 comments:

Unknown said...

Language is one of the most interesting areas for research. During the class we discussed a lot of issues. Bekah just came up with many more. Is there a limit of topics in the area of linguistics? I wish I could know.
I would like to mention that there is no language, if there is no communication. However, communication is far more than speech and writing. Can we refer to non-verbal forms of communication as language? Did you ever notice how you become nervous when the person in front of you is being nervous? Remember how Professor Waterston imitated Bekah’s head shaking when Bekah asked her for help? Why is that? Can we define the use of gestures and glances as a language? Yes. Growing up in a particular society, non-verbal forms of communication serve to emphasize what we say. Being born in Russia, I would never be able to get rid of my non-verbal habits. Language can be learned. Accent can be reduced (give me a break. I came to this country three years ago without knowing a word). However, body absorbs culture and non-verbal forms of communication as a part of this culture. I never hug people if they are not my best friends. I would never say “you” to a person who is older than me. (That is strange. In my culture, we have different forms of treatment for younger people and for older people. In German, it is the same. They have “Sie” for an older person. They also have “Du” to address a good friend) I just did it for too many years. I would say that became a part of myself.
Coming back to Orwell, I would say that language also can be a political weapon. Especially, it can be a discriminatory weapon. Native Indians are being denied a possibility to study their language in schools? Is not that the political issue? Is not that discriminatory? I do not think that weakening the cultural identity of any person may have a good political outcomes. The same problem is being addressed in Ngugi’s article. I am sure that Kevin will come back to that. It is totally oppressive, Would it lead to positive political implications? No way. More likely, these policies give them the sense of minority.
Many words, such as “minority”, “black”, “victim” (Bekah’s word), and many others, do have negative connotations in today’s society. People are being discriminated on the basis of their accent, their social, economical or racial status. Is not that a basic human right to give the person an ability to develop themselves to the highest attainable standard? Why should you treat a person speaking with an accent like a “less human”? How do you know that this person who is speaking with an accent or writes with grammatical mistakes does not have the enormous amount of knowledge in a particular area? Never judge person unless you experience the same life. None of us should be denied the possibility to grow.
Lastly, I want to talk about the aspect of culture. Is speaking English (even without accent) would ever make me an American? In Russian-speaking community, we say that a Russian person is identified by the face (always unhappy). During the international conference last year, people from all over the world recognized me as being Russian not because of my accent. Non-verbal communication is something that is not easy to get rid of. I am sorry, but I can not behave differently. That is what I understood during that conference. I came to this country when I was twenty one. Is that a possibility for me to become American even if I would get rid of accent by the age of 50? No. Is that possible for my children to become Americans if they will be born here? Yes. Why? Because their non-verbal and cultural background will be totally different.

Professor Reitz said...

Great start to the conversation, Bekah, and I think Marina's post (particularly the final paragraph) embodies Ngugi's point about how culture is embedded in a language. Given how diverse our seminar is and how diverse the John Jay student body/New York City is, we could have a fascinating year-long conversation just about this topic.

And so while our conversation may productively continue in the direction of the cultural complexity of language, and while Orwell will inexorably (!) become a shorthand for the need to keep it simple in your writing, I just wanted to mention that there are many things that are complicated about Orwell, such as the culture embedded in Orwell's piece (preference for Anglo-Saxon words, for language as a buoy in a sea of "isms" (fascism, totalitarianism)). What is less complicated, I think, is Orwell's argument that precision in language is a crucial act of political activism. It is so because in his understanding, one needs to know what one thinks before choosing one's words to express one's thoughts. That modern life can make us thoughtless, and that such thoughtlessness can make us vulnerable to the worst forces of modern life (fascism, an unchecked capitalism), was Orwell's concern. And he wanted us to think that every time we choose a word is analogous to entering a voting booth and exercising a right to vote -- two acts of political expression/enfranchisement that should not be done carelessly.

Professor Reitz said...

PS: we could spend an entire week talking about a "trigger warning," the relationship of language to experience, etc...

Unknown said...

While we’re on the theme of politics and the manipulation of language I cannot help but be reminded of a sentence from novelist Dos Passos’ trilogy U.S.A (1937) which I came across in my Lit class: “America our nation has been beaten by strangers who have turned our language inside out who have taken the clean words our fathers spoke and made them slimy and foul”. In this quote, Dos Passos is taking aim at the industrial capitalists and political elites who took the ideas of “democracy and freedom” (as championed by our Founding Fathers) and subverted them to created a vast and merciless empire that oppressed workers and denied them the right to exercise their 1st Amendment. The use of propaganda couched in “patriotic language” was a ploy used by the political elite to pull wool over the eyes of the people and I wonder to what extent that is still happening today.

Indeed, I think Orwell was warning us against using phrases and terms that become so over used that we don’t consider what they mean anymore when we use them. His books, in fact, always carried political messages, alerting readers to the words that those in power use. Even today, international interventionist campaigns are couched in benevolent-sounding terms (to “spread democracy”) to galvanize mass support for their campaigns, which would be reprehensible to Orwell.

Unknown said...

It is interesting as Bekah noted, how certain people/experiences can be encapsulated by two different words, that are like two sides of the same coin (survivor/victim, convict/criminalized person, prisoner/incarcerated person).

Does the media's constant usage of certain language to describe certain populations build up an indelible impression in the minds of us "thoughtless" (in the way Professor Reitz meant) consumers? Do we end up endorsing the "single story" (see Chimamanda's TED talk) if we're not careful?

Why is it that the media portrays young black males behind bars as offenders who are dangerous and deserving of their sentences and not as men worthy of our concern or as people who have a bright future beyond their prison walls? Does this portrayal have anything to do with how many in society feel apprehensive when they see a young black man walking about at night?

I wanted to share a Malcolm X quote that's relevant to our discussion on how language can manipulate our perspectives: “If you're not careful, the newspapers will have you hating the people who are being oppressed, and loving the people who are doing the oppressing.”

Unknown said...

I feel bad commenting so late this week...
I love where the conversation is going! Let me asy that I had never really thought about a lot of what Marina brought up. I have a super vague non-districted American accent, that really allows me to communicate well within each dialect. When I first meet people, they can never quite pinpoint where I am from, and they are totally surprised that I spent my first 18 years in the south. I know that accents have connotations and people make split minute judgements based on pronunciation, but I hadn't really thought much past that.
Marina brought up non-verbal communication. I want to say that I am really upset with myself for relying so heavily on spoken words as a form of expression. For the past two months, I have been struggling with one of my shifts in my employment in Jobpath (not my fellowship work), because I provide support to an individual who is completely non-verbal and has very unconventional body communication. This Saturday was the first time I have truly been able to communicate well with her. She has not liked r trusted me from the beginning because she could tell how inept I was at non-verbal communication. Her life is hard enough without have some ignorant 20 year old constantly asking questions that she could not answer. It has been a rough start, but this week was a huge breakthrough. I took my ease with language and expression for granted. I never learned to use other aspects of life to express myself. I have to wonder if my last of artistic and creative ability stems from the same reliance of the written and spoken word?
I, also, love that Bekah put may "innocent" remarks and action into a perspective that shows that language is not isolated. It effects everything. Words and actions need to be chosen with precision and with the connotations in mind. Without a thoughtful purpose for a word or action, the meaning may morph into something that can be used to hurt or oppress others. It is something that I know I need to work on.

Gina that is an amazing quote for our discussion, but it is so true. Think about the role models of society. They are always portrayed as perfect ad when their imperfections show, people make excuses for them. Yet the "ills of society" the bad guys are never humanized. You never hear about the positive aspects of a convicted person. In the same way that no one is perfectly good, no one is perfectly bad. Yet, according to the media, society seems to have much more "truly evil" people.

Unknown said...

I'm sorry I'm so late to comment! Language is so important and after reading Ngugi's take on language I totally agree that language can be oppressive and, well, awesome. At CJA, as I mentioned, I feel lesser because I am not a Spanish speaker. I also feel bad for the defendants I interview because they need to wait for a translator because I do not speak the language. I think instead of saying that people within the American culture should learn our language (that is western English), I believe we as a nation should try to be more culturally diverse not only in our thinking but in our knowledge of language.

Unknown said...

The language we use in writing, with our professors, and at each of our placements is really important. When I started my internship at Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO), I used to refer to the participants as “ex-offenders”. However, after few days in the placement, I learned to call them “participants”. By using the word “participant”, we prevent any negative connotation derived from the word “ex-offender”. Since the ultimate goal of CEO is to get job placement for our participants, Job developers at CEO have the task to convince employers to interview our participants. If a conversation between a Job developer and a hiring manager would focus on an “ex-offender” who want to get a job rather than a “participant” who perfectly matches the requirements of a job position, the rate of job placement at CEO would be really low.
As Marina mentioned, communication is more than “speech and writing”. Non-verbal communication as important as the other two components. When I was a child, I could tell whether my mother was mad at me by the look on her face. Communication, verbal and nonverbal, can vary depending on individuals’ culture (Yes, there is no such thing as universal nonverbal communication). For instance, we may think that a person nodding up and down with the head means approval, but that is not necessarily the case. In countries such as Greece and Bulgaria nodding the head up means disagreement.

Danyeli Rodriguez said...

As I mentioned in class, I think that when talking about language and colonization, we ought to watch the video by Chimamanda Adichie "The Danger of a Single Story":
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Ihs241zeg

She discusses how she learned English and got educated by reading British books and when she first started writing her own stories, she wrote from the point of view of the British. She wrote about ginger beer, apples, and about how "lovely" the weather was now that the sun had come out. She was raised in Nigeria.

Language for Chimamanda was freedom because it allowed her to become all the she has, a writer, a story teller. But at one point, it was also her oppressor. It was the language of the oppressor. A language that excluded her "chocolate" skin, her culture, and the multiple stories of the "African" experience. Until Chimamanda began to read Nigerian writers and African books, she was unable to separate the British from her people, unable to separate oppressor from oppressed. This distinction is extremely important when a person is raised in a formerly colonized country where the colonizer is glorified.

This oppressive/liberating relationship is also a relationship that Latin Americans and Latino/as face in the United Sates. Although Latinos and Latin Americans come from more than 20 countries, they are all thrown together into the very exclusive label of "Spanish". Never mind that many Latin Americans countries are still rich with their Native languages, that Spanish for us is nothing but a language that until today oppresses us. In many Latin Americans countries, Spanish is the language of the elite. In the U.S, Spanish is the language of "Mexicans".

Ngugi claims that there is nothing wrong with learning a new language if the two sides are equal,not while one side is the oppressed and the other the oppressor. I think his words hold a lot of weight. Even in the United States, privileged Americans learn Spanish because they want to, because others are speaking Spanish around them, because it will allow them to KNOW more. When a Latino/a does his or her best to learn Spanish, to embrace her or his culture, they are refusing assimilation. A Latino/a actively trying to learn Spanish is seen as someone who isn't embracing his or her "Americanness".

Personally, it wasn't until I got to college that I truly understood the privilege I had to know two languages. In high school, I was very eager to stop speaking Spanish. I read, spoke, and responded to my parents in English. I embraced all English because the United States was the place I wanted to call my home. This is one of the first things I think we learn as an immigrant: The United States equals English. So I guess it isn't too hard to understand why Americans call me Spanish, although the only thing the Spanish have done for me is create such a long history of oppression that even today people refer to it as my identity.

Unknown said...

http://www.ted.com/talks/jamila_lyiscott_3_ways_to_speak_english?language=en

One of the greatest videos I've ever watched - "3 ways to speak English" totally worth the 4 minutes 29 seconds!!! This woman is a bad ass trilingual individual.

Language. Oh boy, I don't even know how to add to this discussion. In reading both Bekah and Danyeli's posts I'm just like YES YES YES. I'm so conflicted over language though. On one hand I understand the Danyeli's experience with assimilation. That's definitely completely accurate. Speak English, lose your accent, assimilate... This is the message sent to immigrants.
I went to a private catholic elementary school and high school this was certainly the message I got about being "American".

FYI Spanish has an actual word for US citizens (not literally green card holders but united states inhabitants) "estadounidences" in English we only say "Americans"... America is a wholeeeeee entire continent- not a country. Every time Danyeli & I go to something immigration related I always joke around saying "these united-stadians" but I digress.

To go back to my previous point, I also think it is interesting because I also had/have a TON of pride in being Latina and could have cared less about assimilating. My music was always vallenatos, salsa, bachata, rancheras. I cherry picked from my
Colombian/Latin American culture and the US culture. I always loved talking to fellow Spanish-speaking class mates in Spanish but knew that I could talk with a straight Brooklyn accent 10 seconds later. I had no hesitation telling people I'm an immigrant. This becomes rather creepy though. Foreigners are ridiculously fetishized. "Oh my god, that's SOOO cool you weren't born here?" "can you say my name in your language?" "Is XXXXX stereotype true?". You become this exotic thing, this "other".

For women you're HYPERsexualized RIGHT AWAY - specially if you're Latina or maybe I'm just biased in saying that- who knows.

I actually had a really awkward experience today COMPLETELY RELATED to this. Some one who approached the peer counseling table in the atrium asked me where I from. I answered Colombia. His tone of voice changed RIGHT AWAY and he said in this really suggestive, erotic, and sexual/sensual way "oh you're Colombian? So we out to Colombia next summer?" I just laughed and left the conversation... This is not the only experience as a Colombian women where I'm stereotyped and I've heard other testimonies such as mine... yuck. Patriarchy..

And there's always the microagressions "oh wow you're English is great." - THIS one INFURIATES ME.


What's interesting about this is the sense of otherness from EVERYTHING and everyone. In your home country you're too "American", here in the states you're too "____fill in race/ethnicity here___"
I'm never going to be "American" enough. But, now, I could never be Colombian...I've internalized way to much of the "American" culture. I literally don't belong anywhere. I'm this hybrid, hyphenated, half-breed, mixed identity. I'm "Colombian-American" what ever that means.

In regards to body language- my body language is crazy ridiculous. Anyone who knows me knows I'm extremely animated and I can talk with either my hands/body/facial expression or my words. I don't know what that says about me...

Unknown said...

Danyeli and Gina so glad you mentioned Chimamanda's TED talk the danger of the one story. Please watch it if you haven't seen it! Excellent fodder for this class and our work with Vera. She grew up in Lagos, Nigeria and went to America for college. She gives the example of her white college roommate asking her if she knew how to use a stove and if she would share her tribal music. Her roommate only knew one story of Africa.

She then admits the one story she had of the young man who cleaned her house growing up. Her family pitied him because they assumed he was living in abject poverty and was in need of their charity. When she visited his family she was surprised by his intact and vivacious life. This is an excellent segue to the culture of poverty discussion this week.

It's fascinating how this one story is perpetuated through language. Discussing heterosexual relationships as the norm is another example of Ngugi's imperialism of language. Heterosexism is embedded in language. In agencies assuming someone's sexuality is "one story" can further alienate and isolate people in dire need of service.

What are examples of telling "one story" in your agency that could hurt the people you work with? In order to tell new stories that encompass the complexity and richness of humanity it's critical to detect the one story that's in our way.

Unknown said...

Marina, you are right in your first paragraph, where you raise another topic of gestures in language. Gestures do play part in our language. I have seen it very often when interacting with people from different parts of the world, using their hands to express their arguments. Whereas, other wouldn’t even look at their interlocutor in the face when talking. All of these are cultural elements that are usually appears when interacting with one another.

Language is a political weapon. Given that, it is one cultural element that one uses daily. When Europeans began the process of dehumanization in Africa, eliminating African languages was one of the preliminary step that they took towards attaining their goal. The African man was taught to hate his language and the way he looked. To justify this, European claimed to be in a civilizing mission. So now the question is, what does it mean to be civilized? In Africa, history is usually transmitted from word to mouth. Killing the language was a crucial step in killing this civilization.
Lumumba, who was the freedom fighter for the independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Zaire) highlight this point in the speech that he delivered at the independence ceremony. He states:
“…Who will ever forget that the black was addressed as “tu”, not because he was a friend, but because the polite “vous” was reserved for the white man?”
After watching an interview of Ngugi Wa Thiongo on youtube (Here is the link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGoBJphmcd0) I think he is making the point that it can be appropriate for an African literature only to be written in an African language. Just like the English literature would be written in English first before any other language, the same way that African literature should be written in African language before any other language.

I think the problem with Chimamanda is not necessarily that of Language, but that of the conditions in which she was educated. The education system in most African countries follows their former colonial curriculum. In which, very few things have been written about Africa. I remember having this conversation with my mother. Who told me that, when in high school in the 70’s, all she read was Jean De la Fauntaine and other French writer. This was particularly because not much was written about Africa. We need to keep in mind that, following the independence of most African nations there was barely people with higher education who wrote to preserve African literature. It was not until the late 60’s that writer such as Camara Laye, Mongo Beti, Cheick Anta Diop began to write African history and even then, they were still contested by the colonialist.
Some questions that I would like us to explore as a class are:
Does globalization have an impact on one’s identity? In the midst of this 20th century, it is almost impossible for one to live in his/her own world without foreign contact. Is globalization enforcing the oppression of certain individuals?
If we will talk of language as an element of oppression, what about those who come from interracial families and are able to speak more than one language? Are they also victims of this oppression?

Unknown said...

Monica, when I was reading your post about speaking with your hands, I was so excited I'm not the only one! There are so many ways in which we can view language. The hand gestures reminded me of my Italian heritage. I'm actually almost completely Irish but most people think I'm Italian because I speak with my hands and I'm very loud. Language oppression is not just an issue of race or across nations or continents, it could also be an oppression of ethnicity.

When my mother began to date my father, she informed him that she was half Irish. My grandmother, an all Irish spit-fire, was so excited. When she met my mother her excitement changed completely. She turned to my father and asked him why he hadn't brought home a nice Irish girl and stormed off. Because my mother was raised by an Italian woman straight out of Brooklyn, she spoke with her hands and spoke VERY loudly. She was oppressed because of her cultural background, even though she was partly Irish.

I think that most all of us are unique in the way we speak and the way we utilize language. Just like no two people are the same, so are no two people's language utilization the same. I may speak with my hands more than my brother does. I may use different words because I like the sound and meaning. What does everyone think about this? As Sydney previously stated, she has a very small southern accent, I'm sure we could all find something specific and unique about our language usage and utilization.

Alisse Waterston said...

It's Monday night and at the moment, am very tired but so glad to have read the comments on this week's blog.

For now I just need to say this: Bekah, the writing you did on this blog post is absolute poetry. It made me want to cry. I can't wrap my head around the intellectual discussion but just need to stay with the feelings your words evoked in me.

Unknown said...

I love the TED talk you posted Monica!
Channeling Ngugi and Chimamanda, Jamila Lyiscott's spoken word essay will blow you away!! Definitely watch it if you can.

http://www.ted.com/talks/jamila_lyiscott_3_ways_to_speak_english?language=en

Unknown said...

Sorry for posting so late but I have to say that I truly enjoyed reading the discussion on the blog. Language is so important to everyone. As Marina said its not only speaking but body language and appearance. Our body language speaks so much, most of the time we are unaware of what we are doing.
I was a theatre major before transferring to JJAY and had an entire course title "Movement" and we were not allowed to speak. For the final we had to perform a piece conveying a message without saying a word. It was life-changing.

Monica I love the video you just posted. It's unfortunate that most of us have experienced some form of oppression from the English language. Being able to speak multiple languages is something that should be embraced, but for most of our parents it was something to be ashamed of.

After the last seminar I reflected on some words that I have overused without knowing the true meaning of it...especially "empowerment", "criminal background (I noticed at most of our placements those individuals have different names; at FedCap it's "customers"). At FedCap I noticed my supervisor is very cautious, or has been trained, with how to label certain words.

Criminal record= barriers
Participants of FedCap=customers

The labs have different labels as well
Those without GED= Literacy; P.A.C.E
Possess GED= Fast Track
Criminal Record= I can't remember, but most people refer to it as "the lab with Ms. St John

Unknown said...

Okay, I'm not going to lie. The TEDTalk made me tear up. This discussion has touched on so many different points. When Monica mentioned that Citizens of the United States call themselves Americans despite the fact the America is a whole continent that includes more than just the USA, it reinforced how completely conceited we are as a country. I would also like agree with Lauren. I can't stand it when United Stateians make a big deal about people not speaking English. When that Coke commercial aired during...the Olympics? (I think) with people singing the national anthem in like 40 different languages, people in my hometown freaked out. I thought it was so beautiful I cried, but they were furious. They practically rioted. All making the same claim, "This is America speak English!"

WHY?! Why does this being the United States automatically mean you have to speak English. The United States doesn't have a national language! People are so stupid! English isn't and never was our national language....in fact it is the language of our past oppressors: the British. So how can people get violently mad at someone not speaking English? Even worse many United Stateians get mad/ do not understand British English, which is technically real English. I don't get it. I really don't get it.

Unknown said...

just now, I was assigned to another reading for my COR 320 class. Highly recommended: http://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=hwlj
This story is about the issues of culture, gender, and class. Rosa Lopez was a witness who testified on O.J. Simpson murder trial. She was almost accused in lying because she was too shy to look into judge's eyes (cultural aspect), used different addresses (Social status). Her story really opens up the importance of viewing all witness credibility through the lens of culture, class, and gender.